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last item an agenda here is a wrap-up

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and returning to our own ed Saltzman for

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that that is currently a senior Aaron am

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assist with Ken transplanting research

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corp staff here at Dryden he's had a no

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noteworthy career as an aerodynamicist

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for over 40 years with naca and NASA

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although he retired from Dryden and NASA

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in 1981 he's continued to work here

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part-time for one of our engineering

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support service contractors as I

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previously mentioned and his career has

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been spent in conducting aerodynamic

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research as it affects the performance

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of vehicles aircraft and ground vehicles

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and some of you may know that in the

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early 70s are the mid 70s and early 80s

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he was involved in some work involving

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trucks and vans in the era of the first

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energy crisis so at Salzman wrap up

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okay thank you we're going to need that

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most of us here are or have been

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Associates of the dryden flight research

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facility and I want to underline the

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word Dryden remember that one and today

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we have honored and dedicated the

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supercritical wing research airplane

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which is in my mind a significant

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transonic research facility and I want

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to underline the word transonic

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transonic and Dryden how do they relate

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i'm going to try to establish a link and

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i believe we will show that there is a

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link between Dryden and transonic first

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next though I'll indicate for items I

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want to cover I want to recognize the

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man Dryden and the place Dryden which is

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us relative to experimental transonic

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aerodynamics I also want to recognize

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the inventor of the supercritical wing

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concept and how he dominated

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experimental transonic aerodynamics for

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at least three decades I want to

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proclaim that transonic research is not

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just history and the transonic problems

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will surely still confront us and then

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lastly I want to recognize the people

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who worked on the super critical

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research airplane here but now that back

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to Dryden and transonic and I got to

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learn how to work this which button do I

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Dryden and transonic we want to

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establish now what transonic is in early

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nineteen forty seven this is the way

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transonic research was considered and as

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you can see there was quite a gap in

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theory there were three experimental

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methods that were going through the

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transonic region but those three

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experimental methods were qualitative in

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nature the instrumentation was marginal

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two of them required to telemetry which

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hadn't been developed that well yet and

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there you were going to have to

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establish better theory either on the

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basis of wind tunnel work or flight and

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as you can see the airplane hadn't gone

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supersonic yet or Trenton even the speed

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of sound and the wind tunnels were close

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to getting there the slotted tunnel was

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being worked on a matter of fact dr.

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Wickham was working on it but the plan

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was to establish a transonic research

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facility for flight as well as

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completing the slotted throat work in

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later in nineteen forty seven the

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aircraft designed for flight work in the

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transonic region flu Mach 1 in fact it

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got tamaqua number one point 06 later

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this airplane flew to nearly

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one-and-a-half a later pumped up version

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reached almost two and a half but the

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thing we should remember is that this

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was basically a transonic research

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facility and that's my first link

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between the place dryden in this case in

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transonic research because the place

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dryden is us we r is namesake the x1 in

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flying through the transonic drag your

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eyes provided a valuable source of data

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or a wing pressure profile data at

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transonic speeds as well as the building

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control and loads data but I want to

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point out here the pride doesn't show

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very well but here in flight data from

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the eight percent wing and the ten

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percent wing where we see drag

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coefficient plotted against Mach number

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and the this transonic drag rise which

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leveled off right about there and

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proceeded when it went faster is the

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drag rise that I want to show a little

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later in some very very early work done

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by dr. Dryden and is it also the

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increment of drag the doctor Wickham

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reduced with the area rule which will

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also talk about in a little bit now I

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want to go a way back in aerodynamic

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research history back almost as far as a

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doctor mature went earlier this morning

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not quite that far back perhaps in this

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case let's see let's pick out something

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like will say the invention of the steam

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engine would be one end of the time

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scale we're talking about and the other

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end might be as far back as milk

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at that time a young PhD named Hugh

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Dryden and two co-workers obtained the

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first data from a ground facility that

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showed the beginnings of the transonic

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drag rise here we have drag coefficient

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plotted against in this case they called

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it V over C I wish that showed better

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for you that are back quite a ways take

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my word for it this is V over C test

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velocity divided by the speed of sound

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plotted against drag coefficient for two

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airfoils of different thicknesses and

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what they were doing at that time was

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evaluating airfoil drag characteristics

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for propeller research airplanes at this

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time are flying about 100 miles an hour

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most of them the absolute speed record

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was below 280 to get these data they had

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to travel to Lynn Massachusetts and

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borrow a compressor that was owned by

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General Electric Company this compressor

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was a 5,000 horsepower compressor that

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they used to pressurize a large tank

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that was about 30 feet long and 30

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inches in diameter and at one end of

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this they had an opening of 12 inches

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below which they placed their air for

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models this in other words this was the

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free jet it was very noisy and

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incidentally they had to use this

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borrowed compressor system just when

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General Electric let them use it so they

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ended up doing their first tests on

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Christmas Day in 1923 after the tests it

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is written here this is by Dryden

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himself he says we walked down the

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street in Lynn after the tests

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discussing the jet and noticed that

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passers-by were staring at us strangely

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and they were shaking their heads it was

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some time before we discovered that they

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we had been

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shouting at each other at the top of our

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voices we were both temporarily deaf as

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a result of working with our heads only

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a few inches from the large jet now the

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primarily thing I wanted to show here

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was the beginnings of the drag rise and

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this was done beginning Christmas Day

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1923 they showed the beginning of the

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drag rise for these various air these

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two airfoils at various angles of attack

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incidentally they didn't talk about Mach

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number they talked about velocity ratio

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and they didn't talk about transonic

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because there was no such word yet they

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talked about a different flow regime and

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once in a while they would say in their

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literature there seems to be a critical

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condition or a critical velocity it was

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two years later in 1926 I think that's

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when Milt was born that Briggs and

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Dryden his coworker in case I just

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showed you and Dryden devised an

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experiment to obtain pressure data in a

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pressure distribution form similar to

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what dr. Whitcomb use it and showed to

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us on the same airfoil shapes that they

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had tested on Christmas Day in 1923 they

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wanted to go supersonic this time so

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they devised the first convergent

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divergent test nozzle ever tested in the

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united states that actually provided

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quantitative or maybe dr. Dryden would

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say qualitative but I've seen the plots

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and it looks quantitative aerodynamic

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data this was a two-inch diameter nozzle

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and it was another open jet the cord of

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their air foils was one inch they tested

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it was a at this time incidentally as I

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indicated before there was no such word

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as trance and and dryden realized one

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was needed so he invented the word and

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it turned out to be transonic however

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I'm going to walk away from the mic here

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now so I can point it out a little

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better as you can see it those of you

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that are close enough it wasn't spelled

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the way we spell it today it has 2 s's

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they're here it's used again here it's

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used again these are excerpts from John

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stacks eights Wright brothers lecture of

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December 1944 these two instances of

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transonic spelled with 2 s's is from the

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body of John stacks lecture and then

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this case here is where dr. Dryden used

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transonic spell that way in his

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commentary on John stacks lecture dr.

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dragon was very logical his reasoning

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was like this transcontinental you take

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the word trance you take the word

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continental you push him together

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transoceanic why not transonic three

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years later dr. Dryden had left the

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bureau standards was in the process of

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leaving the Bureau standards and he was

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on a train ride with dr. pretend

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professor theodore von karman between

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Aberdeen Maryland and Washington DC and

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they were talking about the need for a

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word to describe this region now the

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case that I just showed you was in 1944

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this is three years later and Dryden

230
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said he had a word for it transonic

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spelled with 2 s's von karman liked the

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word but he didn't like the spelling and

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as you can see that's the way von karman

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wanted to spell it

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in spite of Dryden's reasonable thinking

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we all know which spelling has prevailed

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one carmen explains it this way he says

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Dryden was a logical and wanted two S's

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I thought it wasn't always necessary to

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be logical in aeronautics so I wrote it

241
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with one ass very simple in the course

242
00:13:56,480 --> 00:13:53,040
of their discussion or argument Dryden

243
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took a little convincing so finally dr.

244
00:14:03,429 --> 00:13:59,899
von karman quoted the German poet Goethe

245
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or at least he paraphrased him and said

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Getty says some logic is desirable but

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to always be logical is horrible so I

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guess Getty had to contend with nerds

249
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back in those days so this gives us a

250
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glimpse of the connection between Dryden

251
00:14:30,350 --> 00:14:27,269
a place and transonic we tested the

252
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first transonic airplane here and the

253
00:14:34,489 --> 00:14:32,699
place is now named Dryden we are the

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namesake and of course that was what

255
00:14:41,059 --> 00:14:37,410
Williams test group called narok flight

256
00:14:42,679 --> 00:14:41,069
test unit we've also established like a

257
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link between Dryden the man and

258
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transonic he generated the first

259
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experimental airfoil data demonstrating

260
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the critical drag rise he invented the

261
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word transonic and he with Briggs

262
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designed the first converging diverging

263
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test model nozzle that provided real

264
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aerodynamic data in this country it's

265
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interesting to note that their data with

266
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this converging diverging nozzle reached

267
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a peak Mount number one point 08 the

268
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first x1 air plane flight that exceeded

269
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the speed of sound went to one point 06

270
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only a two hundreds of a Mach number

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what about the man Wickham and transonic

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research well he dominated transonic

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aerodynamic research for at least three

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decades perhaps I should be corrected

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and it can be established that it was

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significantly longer than that he first

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the part that I know of he was an

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important part of the team that

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he invented and conceived of the area

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rule here we see the YF one or two on

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the left and a 102 a on the right which

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is the area ruled one in this case the

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wave drag increment was reduced about

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twenty-five percent by the area ruling

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process here in addition of course he

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invented and conceived of the

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supercritical wing that we're talking

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about today and in this case the drag

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rides Mach number of this configuration

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not the wing now but the configuration

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was pushed up to about point nine seven

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and this is a twerking lift coefficients

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this is a d'cruz lift coefficient and as

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he indicated earlier the drag rise Mach

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number of the wing itself was just

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nudging one in addition he invented and

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conceived of the winglets project

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winglets concept in this case the fuel

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savings were about six percent in later

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versions where the wing loading was

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higher near the tips of the savings

302
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now what kind of agency or technical

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organization can spawn if it indeed it

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did spawn I didn't want that how do i

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cancel it spawn or nurture such an

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innovative research I like to think it's

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an organization that can challenge

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conventional wisdom conventional wisdom

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is all right if it's considered for what

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it really is it's a reasonable starting

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place but a habitual reliance on

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conventional wisdom leaves you

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relatively close to the starting place

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it increases the odds for the status quo

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that's why it's encouraging for me to

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see one of the things that our new

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administrator said in a recent address

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which i already showed you where he said

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in the new NASA will welcome a diversity

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of views and ideas from both inside and

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outside the organization and perhaps the

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words of retiring deputy administrator

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00:18:34,400 --> 00:18:31,800
James Thompson that he wrote in the

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winter issue of the NASA magazine were

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intended to challenge conventional

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wisdom when he wrote I think sometimes

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00:18:47,600 --> 00:18:43,050
NASA could use a little more internal

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controversy concern about conventional

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wisdom isn't limited only to the

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technical community for example here are

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the paraphrase words of a noted

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twentieth century theologian if you and

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I agree on every matter one of us has

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ceased thinking and perhaps dr. jb

335
00:19:18,800 --> 00:19:13,910
Harvey has said it as well as anyone

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00:19:21,890 --> 00:19:18,810
this mismanagement of agreement not the

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inability to manage conflict is a single

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most pressing issue of most modern

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organizations

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I wander is a spirit conveyed by these

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00:19:38,260 --> 00:19:35,880
four individuals seemingly expressing

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concern about conventional wisdom

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representative of the environment that

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dr. Wickham worked within during the

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years that he dominated the field of

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experimental transonic aerodynamics did

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his revolutionary ideas thrive because

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he worked in an environment that was

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unencumbered by conventional wisdom not

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quite as obvious as the need was for a

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revolutionary breakthrough in reducing

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00:20:13,160 --> 00:20:10,490
the transonic wave drag there were a few

353
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who said that the benefits from the area

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rule were largely finest ratio effects

355
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and there was conventional wisdom which

356
00:20:24,380 --> 00:20:22,530
claimed that the benefits from the

357
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reduced shock strength provided by the

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supercritical airfoil would likely be

359
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overshadowed canceled out by high trim

360
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drag and some conventional conventional

361
00:20:42,680 --> 00:20:39,930
wisdom adherence thought that the

362
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winglets were simply extra aspect ratio

363
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they were wrong in every case the

364
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original wind tunnel research work at

365
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Langley added to the confirmation flight

366
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data that was obtained out here at

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Dryden and the numerous numerous

368
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commercial and military applications of

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these three technologies have

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00:21:18,250 --> 00:21:15,050
discredited conventional wisdom so the

371
00:21:20,170 --> 00:21:18,260
score is innovative radical transonic

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research that's how I like to describe

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00:21:28,780 --> 00:21:23,540
what he did three conventional wisdom

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zero we should remember this score as we

375
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continue toward nasp and the external

376
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burning experiment and follow-on

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00:21:47,980 --> 00:21:40,340
supersonic and hypersonic vehicles after

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that hypersonic vehicles must still pass

379
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through the transonic toll gate there's

380
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a toll extracted every time you pass

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00:21:59,800 --> 00:21:58,100
through and dr. Wickham is his research

382
00:22:02,080 --> 00:21:59,810
has shown that the cost of the gate can

383
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be lowered by innovative experimental

384
00:22:11,560 --> 00:22:07,940
work and amazingly enough even if there

385
00:22:21,740 --> 00:22:11,570
is not a red team or a blue team in

386
00:22:29,880 --> 00:22:26,669
we have a recent example by the way that

387
00:22:31,830 --> 00:22:29,890
I think reflects the encroachment of

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00:22:33,029 --> 00:22:31,840
conventional wisdom in the case of some

389
00:22:35,970 --> 00:22:33,039
of the airplanes that flew in the Gulf

390
00:22:38,580 --> 00:22:35,980
War some of the data I have looked at

391
00:22:41,220 --> 00:22:38,590
and now this would be lift and drag data

392
00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:41,230
of contemporary high-performance

393
00:22:48,320 --> 00:22:45,010
aircraft using the war shall reveal an

394
00:22:52,769 --> 00:22:48,330
erosion of aero design finesse a

395
00:22:55,409 --> 00:22:52,779
slippage of aero design discipline by

396
00:22:58,139 --> 00:22:55,419
discipline I mean no sticking to the

397
00:23:03,090 --> 00:22:58,149
principles compared to aircraft designed

398
00:23:05,750 --> 00:23:03,100
and built in the 50s and 60s to be more

399
00:23:08,970 --> 00:23:05,760
specific the way drag is too high and

400
00:23:12,510 --> 00:23:08,980
parasite drag is too high compared to

401
00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:12,520
those earlier airplanes this indicates

402
00:23:19,260 --> 00:23:15,010
to me the conventional wisdom does not

403
00:23:22,560 --> 00:23:19,270
go away or become old-fashioned every

404
00:23:24,389 --> 00:23:22,570
generation has its own form in fact it

405
00:23:27,779 --> 00:23:24,399
seems to me like it's almost like

406
00:23:30,029 --> 00:23:27,789
chicken pox or measles or mumps that

407
00:23:33,750 --> 00:23:30,039
every generation has its cases of

408
00:23:35,610 --> 00:23:33,760
conventional wisdom just because each

409
00:23:40,549 --> 00:23:35,620
generation thinks it's more enlightened

410
00:23:45,450 --> 00:23:40,559
it just doesn't work that way further

411
00:23:47,930 --> 00:23:45,460
just because this airplane that was

412
00:23:50,760 --> 00:23:47,940
dedicated today one of the two an

413
00:23:54,389 --> 00:23:50,770
important transonic research facility

414
00:23:59,639 --> 00:23:54,399
has been retired maybe some of you will

415
00:24:03,029 --> 00:23:59,649
think of it as a museum piece and I

416
00:24:05,700 --> 00:24:03,039
guess it is and it also represents

417
00:24:09,029 --> 00:24:05,710
history and transonic research has a

418
00:24:12,659 --> 00:24:09,039
history nevertheless we should not think

419
00:24:16,440 --> 00:24:12,669
of transonic research in historical

420
00:24:19,049 --> 00:24:16,450
terms transonic problems are still with

421
00:24:21,450 --> 00:24:19,059
us the brilliant transonic innovations

422
00:24:24,269 --> 00:24:21,460
of the 50s and 60s did not revoke the

423
00:24:28,139 --> 00:24:24,279
laws of physics concerning transonic

424
00:24:30,510 --> 00:24:28,149
flow for future generations it is my

425
00:24:32,409 --> 00:24:30,520
hope that the supercritical wing

426
00:24:35,590 --> 00:24:32,419
research airplane

427
00:24:38,580 --> 00:24:35,600
when I walk by it out there and when

428
00:24:43,109 --> 00:24:38,590
other people walk by it is my hope that

429
00:24:45,609 --> 00:24:43,119
it will be representative of the

430
00:24:48,909 --> 00:24:45,619
innovative transonic work of the past

431
00:24:51,099 --> 00:24:48,919
but in addition it should remind us that

432
00:24:55,029 --> 00:24:51,109
if we limit transonic research to the

433
00:24:57,279 --> 00:24:55,039
past and only consider it history the

434
00:25:01,060 --> 00:24:57,289
charges at the toll gate the transonic

435
00:25:03,239 --> 00:25:01,070
toll gate will be unnecessarily high for

436
00:25:08,349 --> 00:25:03,249
some future supersonic and hypersonic

437
00:25:10,840 --> 00:25:08,359
airplanes this would be a good place I

438
00:25:15,820 --> 00:25:10,850
think to go back to dr. Dryden and

439
00:25:18,810 --> 00:25:15,830
indicate what he said quote the most

440
00:25:23,409 --> 00:25:18,820
important tool in aeronautical research

441
00:25:26,940 --> 00:25:23,419
comma even more than the large wooden

442
00:25:31,450 --> 00:25:26,950
tunnel comma and then I'd like to add

443
00:25:34,599 --> 00:25:31,460
this goes for airplanes to is the human

444
00:25:37,320 --> 00:25:34,609
mind the most important tool for

445
00:25:41,529 --> 00:25:37,330
aeronautical research is the human mind

446
00:25:43,659 --> 00:25:41,539
credit that to dr. Crichton this is the

447
00:25:45,999 --> 00:25:43,669
end of my perspective on this if you

448
00:25:50,739 --> 00:25:46,009
call it a wrap up I want to now

449
00:25:54,549 --> 00:25:50,749
acknowledge team members both at Langley

450
00:25:55,869 --> 00:25:54,559
and here in closing it's appropriate to

451
00:25:58,899 --> 00:25:55,879
mention some of the team members who

452
00:26:03,779 --> 00:25:58,909
worked with dr. Wickham Tom Kelly Perry

453
00:26:06,129 --> 00:26:03,789
Hanson Dennis Bartlett James blackwell

454
00:26:09,460 --> 00:26:06,139
he's introduced as Mickey today that's

455
00:26:12,430 --> 00:26:09,470
what he goes by I understand Larry

456
00:26:15,899 --> 00:26:12,440
Lofton in an administrative capacity and

457
00:26:20,109 --> 00:26:15,909
out here d dealer in an administrative

458
00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:20,119
capacity Ted errors though he didn't

459
00:26:24,849 --> 00:26:22,850
work on their plane that was dedicated

460
00:26:26,820 --> 00:26:24,859
today was a team member on the

461
00:26:30,430 --> 00:26:26,830
supercritical wing crew back at Langley

462
00:26:34,450 --> 00:26:30,440
as you've already heard working with dr.

463
00:26:37,720 --> 00:26:34,460
Wickham he worked primarily on the lower

464
00:26:40,539 --> 00:26:37,730
aspect ratio of tact application his

465
00:26:43,239 --> 00:26:40,549
transfer dryden significantly raised our

466
00:26:45,010 --> 00:26:43,249
transonic and supercritical experience

467
00:26:48,150 --> 00:26:45,020
and knowledge out here

468
00:26:50,530 --> 00:26:48,160
as for the Dryden test research team I

469
00:26:57,310 --> 00:26:50,540
want to recognize them in this closing

470
00:27:00,280 --> 00:26:57,320
slide and we already know that we don't

471
00:27:02,530 --> 00:27:00,290
have all the names on their loose tears

472
00:27:04,360 --> 00:27:02,540
for example should be on there and he

473
00:27:08,500 --> 00:27:04,370
isn't and I thought of another and I

474
00:27:15,580 --> 00:27:08,510
don't believe John Kerry is what we're

475
00:27:19,060 --> 00:27:15,590
going to do after cancel a finishes is

476
00:27:20,680 --> 00:27:19,070
put this back up again along with a view

477
00:27:24,070 --> 00:27:20,690
graph which shows the digital

478
00:27:27,910 --> 00:27:24,080
fly-by-wire team members and then we'll

479
00:27:29,650 --> 00:27:27,920
ask people out in the audience that that

480
00:27:34,600 --> 00:27:29,660
know that there are names missing to

481
00:27:39,400 --> 00:27:34,610
come up and write them on this tablet

482
00:27:42,300 --> 00:27:39,410
please so we'll blank this out now and